| Mechanism of Action |
Principal Ingredient |
Botanical Source |
Activity against |
| Immune stimulants |
Polyphenol complex |
Geranium sanguineum |
Influenza viruses [98] |
| β-sitosterol |
Nigella sativa,
Serenoa repens |
Multiple viruses [99,100] |
| Essential oils, extracts |
Family Asteraceae |
Respiratory viruses [101], HSV [102] |
| Entry inhibitors |
Mannose-specific lectins |
Galanthus spp.,
Narcissus spp., |
HIV [103], Influenza [104], CMV [105], FIPV [106] |
| Elenoic acid |
Olives spp. |
Influenza [107], HSV [108] |
| Galactofucan |
Achyrocline flaccida |
HSV [109] |
| Polysaccharides |
Stevia rebaudiana |
Rotavirus [110] |
| Replication and Translation inhibitors |
Glycyrrhizin |
Glycyrrhiza spp. |
HIV [111],SARS-coV [112], Hepatitis A [113], |
Phytolacca American
Protein (PAP) |
Phytolacca americana
Phytolacca farmosus |
HSV [114], HIV [115], HBV [116] |
| Emetine |
Psychotria ipecacuanha |
Influenza [117], Dengue Virus [118], Animal viruses [119] |
| Quercetin |
Quercus spp. |
Influenza [120], HCV [121], JEV [122] |
| Fisetin |
Acacia spp., Gleditsia spp. |
Dengue [123], HCV [124] |
| Viral assembly and release inhibitors |
Hesperidin |
Citrus spp. |
Influenza [125] |
| Naringenin |
Citrus spp. |
HCV [126] |
