| Dietary factors |
Study design |
Outcome(s) |
Results |
Ref |
| “Meat–dim sum pattern” and “vegetable–fruit–
soy pattern” (FFQ and PCA) |
Longitudinal cohort study (5 years) in 52,325 subjects aged 45-74 years (China) |
New onset of persistent cough with phlegm (symptoms of chronic bronchitis) |
The meat-dim sum pattern was associated with increased incidence of cough with phlegm |
[101] |
| “Prudent pattern” and “Western pattern” (FFQ and PCA) |
Prospective cohort study in middle aged 42,917 men (12 years follow-up) and 72,043 women (6 years follow-up) (US) |
COPD diagnosis |
The prudent pattern was negatively associated with the risk of newly diagnosed COPD while the Western pattern was positively associated with the risk of newly diagnosed COPD |
[102,103] |
| “Prudent pattern” and “traditional pattern” (FFQ and PCA) |
Cross-sectional study in 1,551 males and 1,391 females with average age of 66 years (UK) |
Primary outcome: FEV1; Secondary outcomes: FVC, FEV1/FVC, COPD |
The prudent pattern was positively associated with FEV1 in male and females, and negatively with COPD in males |
[104] |
| “Cosmopolitan pattern”, “traditional pattern”, and “refined food dietary pattern” (FFQ and PCA) |
Longitudinal study (5 years) in 2,911 subjects aged 29-59 years; cross-sectional study in 12,648 subjects aged 29-59 years (the Netherlands) |
FEV1, wheeze, asthma, COPD |
The “refined food pattern” was associated with a greater decline in lung function over 5 years. The “traditional pattern” was cross-sectionally associated with lower FEV1 and an increased prevalence of COPD, the “cosmopolitan pattern” was associated with a small increased prevalence of asthma and wheeze |
[105] |
PCA: Principal Component Analysis