Physiological stressor Concentration Degree of induction of ROS**  COX-1***  COX-2***  cPLA2****  Referencest simvastatin 50 nM 0 - - - 25,26 aspirin 50 nM 0 - - - 27 βAPP 100 nM 0 - - - 13,14,20 Aβ40 10 nM 1 - - - 13,14 Aβ40 50 nM 1 - - - 13,14 Aβ40 100 nM 2 - -/+ -/+ 13,14 Aβ42 10 nM 3 - + - 13,14 Aβ42 50 nM 4 - + -/+ 13,14 Aβ42 100 nM 5 - ++ + 13,14 IL-6 50 nM 5 - -/+ -/+ 32 IL-1β 50 nM 6 - + + 28,33 TNFα 50 nM 6 - + + 35 Aβ42+IL-1β 50 nM (each) 7 - + + 33,36 Aβ42+TNFα 50 nM (each) 7.5 - + + 31,35 Hg 50 nM 1.5 - - - 16,37,39 Cu 50 nM 3 - + - 16,37,40 Zn 50 nM 4 - + + 16,37,41 Mn 50 nM 4.5 - -/+ + 16,38 Fe 50 nM 5 - -/+ + 16,31,37,42 Al 50 nM 9 - ++ ++ 16-19,31,37,42 Al+Fe 50 nM (each) 10 + +++ +++ 16-19,31,37 H2O2 50 nM 10 + +++ +++ 16,31,33 Table 1 Effects of different stressors, at nM concentrations, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human primary neuronal-glial (HNG) cell cultures, and induced inflammatory consequences as indicated by COX-2 and cPLA2 up-regulation*.

Table 1: *Depends on age of cell cultures and cell type; HNG cells cultured for 2 weeks under optimum growth conditions; each physiological stressor was assayed three times. ** scale of 1-10 based on these 20 evaluations ***detection of cycloxygenase-1 (COX-1), cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) after 3 hrs treatment ****detection of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) after 3 hrs treatment tReferences quoted here include relevant research on metal-sulfate induced oxidative stress and inflammatory gene expression.

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