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| Figure 2: Factors that regulate tolerogenic DCs. A broad range of cytokines, receptors, ligands and signaling pathways mediate protective functions of DCs in different pathophysiological conditions. DC phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis promote the clearance of apoptotic cells, necrotic cells and endogenous ligands that can induce sterile inflammation. Various tissue-derived factors and pharmaceutical agents can also program DCs to tolerogenic phenotype and promote secretion of IL-10, IDO and TGFβ that are critical for the induction of regulatory T cells. |
