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| Figure 2: Representative Smadphospho-isoforms in the nucleus. Membrane-bound TβRI, cytoplasmic JNK, and nuclear CDK4 differentially phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 to create 3 phosphorylated forms (phospho-isoforms): C-tail phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2C and pSmad3C), linker-phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L and pSmad3L), and dually phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L/C and pSmad3L/C). EMT represents a complex biological program that enables cancer cells to acquire attributes of invasiveness and motility. |
