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| Table 1: Smadphospho-isoforms direct cell type-specific and contextdependent TGF-β signaling. Phenotypes of benign tumors are dictated by genotype and tumorigenic growth is essentially a cell-autonomous phenomenon that involves a shift from tumor suppressive pSmad3C pathway to oncogenic pSmad3L (Ser-213) pathway constitutively induced by alterations in Rasoncogene. At invasive fronts of advanced cancers, TGF-β signaling allows Ras transformed cells to enhance EMT and acquire invasive property via pSmad2L/C pathway in the presence of pSmad3L (Ser-213). |
