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| Figure 3: Effects of PPE on PIP production in cultured NHDFs. Cells were treated with or without the indicated concentrations of PPE for 72 h. Intracellular MMP-9 protein was then measured by western blot analysis. The protein expression levels of MMP-9 were normalized to β-actin levels. Data are indicated as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **p<0.01 vs. control culture. |
