| Maternal characteristics |
GDM cases
(N=32) |
Controls
(N=178) |
χ2 |
P value |
| Age(years) |
<25 |
7(21.9%) |
86(48.3%) |
|
| |
26-29 |
11(34.4%) |
48(27%) |
|
|
| |
≥30 |
14(44.7%) |
44(24.7%) |
8.368 |
0.015 |
| Pre pregnancy BMI(kg/m2) |
<18.5 |
0 |
4(2.2%) |
|
|
| |
18.5-24.9 |
9(28.1%) |
116(65.2%) |
|
| |
25-29.9 |
16(50%) |
58(32.6%) |
|
| |
≥30 |
7(21.9%) |
0 |
38.24 |
0.001 |
| Gravida |
primi |
27(84.3%) |
68(38.2%) |
|
| |
multi |
5(15.7%) |
110(61.8%) |
21.52 |
0.001 |
| Education standard |
<12 |
5(15.6%) |
114(64.2%) |
23.96 |
0.001 |
| |
≥12 |
27(84.4%) |
64(35.8%) |
|
| PericonceptionalMultivitamin use |
No |
2(6.4%) |
49(27.5%) |
6.679 |
0.01 |
| |
yes |
30(93.6%) |
129(72.5%) |
|
| Calcium intake |
No |
20(62.5%) |
16(9%) |
54.68 |
0.001 |
| |
yes |
12(37.5%) |
162(91%) |
|
|
| Physical activity in sun |
High(≥3hrs) |
2(6.2%) |
52(29.2%) |
|
| |
Low(<3hrs) |
30(93.8%) |
126(70.8%) |
12.425 |
0.001 |
| Diet |
Non veg |
2(6.2%) |
56(31.5%) |
8.62 |
0.003 |
| |
Veg |
30(93.8%) |
122(68.5%) |
|
| Smoking |
No |
32(100%) |
167(93.8%) |
2.087 |
0.149 |
| |
Yes |
0 |
11(6.2%) |
|
|
| Residence |
Urban |
26(81.2%) |
107(60.1%) |
5.22 |
0.002 |
| |
Rural |
6(18.8%) |
71(39.9%) |
|
| Socioeconomic status |
High |
25(78.1%) |
107(60.1%) |
3.77 |
0.053 |
| |
Low |
7(21.9%) |
71(39.9%) |
|
| Season |
Summer |
26(81.2%) |
25(14%) |
|
|
| |
Autumn |
0 |
22(12.4%) |
|
| |
Spring |
0 |
71(39.9%) |
|
| |
Winter |
6(18.8%) |
60(33.7%) |
20.43 |
0.001 |
|
