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| Figure 1: Metformin, resveratrol and SP600125 reduce JNK1/2 phosphorylation in L6 cells made insulin resistant by treatment with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate. (A) Representative gels for total and phosphorylated JNK for cells treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate and metformin (M), resveratrol (Res), SP600125 (SP) or no drug (C: control) under basal or insulin stimulation (I). (B) Representative gels for total and phosphorylated JNK for cells not treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate but incubated with metformin (M), resveratrol (Res), SP600125 (SP) or no drug (C:control) under basal or insulin stimulation (I). (C) Basal JNK1/2 phosphorylation was assessed after treatment with or without ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate (25 μM and 100 μM, respectively, 48 hr) and metformin (800 μM, 24 hr), resveratrol (100 μM, 24 hr), SP600125 (5 μM, 48 hr) or no drug (Control). (D) Insulin-mediated (100 nM) JNK1/2 phosphorylation was assessed after treatment with or without ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate (25 μM and 100 μM, respectively, 48 hr) and metformin (800 μM, 24 hr), resveratrol (100 μM, 24 hr), SP600125 (5 μM, 48 hr) or no drug (Control). (A) & (B): For each group of blots, the top panel shows a representative gel of JNK1/2 phosphorylation, the middle panel shows a representative gel of total JNK1/2 protein content and the bottom panel shows a representative gel of GAPDH protein content (loading control). (C) & (D): Values are mean ± SE for all treatment groups (n=3-6 per condition) and are expressed as percentage of control, where control refers to cells that are not treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate, metformin, resveratrol or SP600125. (C): & P<0.05 vs. respective non-ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate treated state; * P<0.05 vs. control group similarly treated. (D): & P<0.05 vs. respective insulin-mediated non-ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate treated state; * P<0.05 vs. insulin-mediated control group similarly treated. |
