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| Figure 2: Metformin and SP600125 restore insulin-mediated glucose uptake in L6 muscle cells made insulin resistant by treatment with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate. (A) Basal glucose uptake was assessed after treatment with or without ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate (25 μM and 100 μM, respectively, 48 hr) and metformin (800 μM, 24 hr), resveratrol (100 μM, 24 hr), SP600125 (5 μM, 48 hr) or no drug (Control). (B) Insulin-mediated (100 nM) glucose uptake was assessed after treatment with or without ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate (25 μM and 100 μM, respectively, 48 hr) and metformin (800 μM, 24 hr), resveratrol (100 μM, 24 hr), SP600125 (5 μM, 48 hr) or no drug (Control). For (A), (B) and (C), values are mean ± SE for all treatment groups (n=4-8 per condition) and are expressed as percentage of control, where control refers to cells that are not treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate, metformin, resveratrol or SP600125. (C) Δ glucose uptake represents the percent change in glucose uptake with insulin treatment for each group and was calculated as the rate of insulin-mediated glucose uptake for each well minus the average rate of basal glucose uptake divided by the average rate of basal glucose uptake. RA refers to the group treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate, RA+M to the group treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate and metformin, RA+R to the group treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate and resveratrol and RA+SP to the group treated with ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate and SP600125. (A): & P<0.05 vs. respective non-ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate treated state; * P<0.05 vs. control group similarly treated; † P<0.05 vs. metformin group similarly treated. (B): & P<0.05 vs. respective insulin-mediated non-ritonavir+atazanavir sulfate treated state; * P<0.05 vs. insulinmediated control group similarly treated; † P<0.05 vs. insulin-mediated metformin group similarly treated. (C): ∞ P<0.05 vs. RA. |
