Species Source Culture medium Temp. (ÂșC) Reference
Spironucleus vortens Lip lesion, angelfish, Florida (ATCC 50386) Keister’s modified TY-I-S33 25 (22-34) Sangmaneedet & Smith [101]
  Intestine, internal organs and head lesions of cichlids with hole in the head disease, UK Keister’s modified TY-I-S33 supplemented with fresh Oreochromis niloticus liver 25 Paull & Matthews [24]
  Intestine of wild Ide, river Leira, Norway Keister’s modified, TY-I-S33 15 (5-15) Sterud & Poynton [61]
Spironucleus barkhanus Gall bladder of wild grayling, Norway Keister’s modified TY-I-S33 15 (5-20) Sterud [22]
  Muscle abscess of farmed Atlantic salmon, Norway Keister’s modified TY-I-S33 10 (5-20) Sterud [22]
  Blood, liver and kidney of farmed Atlantic char, Norway Growth not supported by Keister’s modified TY-I-S33 NA Sterud et al. [30]
Spironucleus salmonis (previously Hexamita salmonis) Intestine of wild rainbow trout, Dennmark MEM with 10% bovine serum. Not supported by Keister’s modified TY-I-S33 10 (5-10) Buchmann & Uldal [96]
Table 4: In vitro culturing conditions reported for the different isolates of Spironucleus spp., including the source of the species and corresponding optimal culture medium composition and temperature (temperature range given in brackets). Reproduced from Millet [110].
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