| Study |
Population-Target Group And Geographic Level |
Variables Controlled For |
Results |
| Ayuka et al. [36] |
General Population at meshblock level |
Controlling for individual level socio-demographics and neighborhood deprivation |
At the national level there was no evidence for an association between hazardous consumption and alcohol outlet access. However, there was evidence of associations with neighborhood retailing for younger Māori and Pacific peoples males; younger European females; middle-aged European men; and older men. The findings provide evidence that ‘alcogenic’ environments are associated with excessive drinking in New Zealand, albeit that the associations are restricted to particular vulnerable groups. |
| De Lint et al. [106] Rush et al. [107] |
General Population at State level |
None |
Increase in number of outlets per capita was associated with an increase in consumption |
| Harford et al. [109] |
General Population at State level |
None |
States with high rates of on-premise alcohol outlets tended to have higher rates of alcohol consumption |
| Godfrey [122] |
Econometric study in England |
None |
An econometric study in England investigated the effect of gradual change in alcohol density on consumption using time series data from 1956 to 1980 and found that there was an association between licensing and beer consumption, but none for wine and spirits. |
| La Veist et al. [103] |
African American Communities at census tract level |
Controlling for census tract socio-economic status |
More outlets located in African American neighborhoods . |
| Scribner et al. [111] |
General population at Census tract level in New Orleans (24 census tracts) |
Controlling for individual level socio-demographics and neighborhood deprivation |
Neighborhood level outlet density was significantly related to drinking norms and consumption, but not individual measures of accessibility. |
| Weitzman et al. [62] |
University students in Public universities in different geographic regions in United states and set in different communities for example small town, urban, suburban. |
None |
Outlet density has been found to be closely related to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking related problems among college students’ drinkers as well as in different sub groups, such as females. |
| Weitzman et al. [69] |
University students in 140 colleges across the US, mostly first year freshers |
None |
Most college binge drinkers reported that they were exposed to ‘wet’ environment when compared to non-binge drinkers.Wet environments included social, residential, and market surroundings in which drinking is prevalent and alcohol cheap and easily accessed. |
| Pollack et al. [100] |
General population living in four cities in California (82 census tracts) |
Controlling for individual level socio-demographics and composite SES measures |
No association between distance to alcohol outlets and consumption. |
| Kunstche et al. |
9th graders in schools in Switzerland aged between 12-18 |
Controlling for level of urbanization |
Areas with higher density, despite having a low perception from school masters had higher drinking rates |
| Dent et al. |
Students AGED 16-17 in 92 communities in Oregon |
None |
There is an association of youth drinking and commercial access |
| Kunstche et al. |
8th and 9th graders in 254 communities in Switzerland |
None |
Community-level perceived availability and the density of on-premises but not off-premises outlets were related to volume drinking but not to the frequency of risky drinking occassions |
| Truong [110] |
General Population at Census tract level in California |
Controlling for individual level socio-demographics and neighborhood deprivation |
On-license outlets within a radius of one mile were associated with excessive consumption |
| Romley et al. [104] |
Alcohol outlets within African Americans neighborhoods at census tract level |
Controlling for census tract socio-economic status |
Higher density of alcohol outlets in African American neighborhoods |
| Huckle et al. [18] |
12-17 year old young drinkers in Auckland at Meshblock level |
Controlling for individual level socio-demographics (and deprivation for some analysis). |
Alcohol outlets were associated with quantity of consumption and also associated with deprivation in New Zealand |
| Kypri et al. [118] |
Six university campuses in New Zealand |
Controlling for gender, age, ethnicity and high school binge drinking frequency, and adjustment for campus-level clustering. |
There was a positive relationship between outlet density and individual drinking as well as for personal problems |
| Scribner et al. [120] |
17, 500 students in 32 colleges in the United States of America |
Controlling for individual predictors of college drinking |
On-Licenses located off campus have a strong association with college drinking outcomes. |
| Pearce et al. [99] |
Alcohol outlets in New Zealand urban areas |
None |
Most deprived areas have disproportionately better access and higher densities of alcohol outlets, measured both by distance and buffers of 800 and 3000 metres. |
| Hay et al. [123] |
Neighborhood deprivation and access to alcohol outlets |
None |
Most deprived areas have better access to alcohol outlets |
