| Drug |
Effect(s) |
Nature of experiment/no of patients |
Dose |
Duration |
References |
| HAART |
Reduction in the plasma concentration of protein sulfhydrl groups and
vitamin C |
85 HIV positive patients |
Stavudin (80 mg) + Lamivudin (600 mg) + Nevirapin + (400 mg) zidovudine (600 mg) |
- |
Ngondi et al. [30] |
One PI and two NRTIs;
One NNRTI and two NRTI |
Decreased antioxidant status in HIV-1 treated group.
Significantly higher oxidative status |
116 HIV-1-infected patients (86 HAART-treated and 30 untreated), and 46 HIV-negative control. |
- |
average of 6.3
± 2.2 years |
Mandas et al. [207] |
| EFV (NNRTI) |
Triggered apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. Inducing an increase in mitochondrial superoxide production, reduction in cellular glutathione content. |
In vitrostudies human
hepatic cells. |
(10, 25 and 50 mM) |
72 hours incubation |
Apostolova et al. [48] |
| PI (nelfinavir NFV) |
Induces oxidative stress by increased ROS production |
In vitro studies; cell culture |
30 μmol/l NFV |
18 hours |
Ben-Romano et al. [208] |
| Nevirapine (NVP; Viramune) |
Significant decrease in the activities of hepatic, renal and testicular superoxide dismutase and catalase. Induced oxidative stress with corresponding decline in antioxidant status of the rats. |
Twenty-one rats |
18 and 36 mg/kg body weight |
4 consecutive weeks. |
Adaramoye et al. [203] |
| HIV patients undergoing HAART |
Significant decrease in the levels of GSH in both naive and HIV-TB co-infected patients and HIV patients on HAART.
Lower antioxidant level and higher MDA in naive and HIV-TB co-infected patients as compared to HIV patients on HAART and the seronegative patients. |
100 consenting subjects (aged 18 to 40 years) patients on HAART |
Standard dose |
- |
Awodele et al. [209] |
| Saquinavir |
Decreased sperm motility in vitro and negatively affects acrosome reaction |
|
|
|
Ahmad et al. [210] |
