| Sample year |
Location |
Study group |
Age* |
N
(% male) |
Genotypes (RT/PR) |
Prevalence of HIV drug resistance: overall and per class of antiretroviral drug |
Ref |
| Overall |
NRTI |
NNRTI |
PI |
| n (%) |
(95% CI)‡ |
n (%) |
Mutation |
n (%) |
Mutation |
n(%) |
Mutation |
| Proxy recent infection |
| 2005-06 |
HCMC† |
Pregnant women |
25 |
163 (0.0) |
163/163 |
1 (0.6) |
(0.02, 3.4) |
1 (0.6) |
V75M |
0 (0) |
- |
0 (0) |
- |
(32) |
| 2006 |
HCMC |
VCT attendees |
22.3 |
63 (46.0) |
63/63 |
2 (3.2) |
(0.9, 10.9) |
0 (0) |
- |
1 (1.6) |
G190A |
1 (1.6) |
M46I |
(33) |
| 2006 |
Ha Noi§ |
VCT attendees |
23.0 |
70 (NR) |
49/49 |
1 (<5) |
NA |
1 (<5) |
L74V |
1 (<5) |
Y181C |
0 (<5) |
- |
(34) |
| 2007-08 |
HCMC§ |
VCT attendees |
<25 |
73 (NR) |
73/73 |
NR (5-15) |
NA |
NR |
D67N, K70R, T215F, K219EQ |
NR |
K103N, Y181C, G190A/CS, P225HP |
1 (<5) |
F63Y |
(35) |
| Chronic infection |
| 2001-02 |
HCMC |
CSW, IDU, and STD patients |
23.0 |
200 (60.5) |
200/200 |
13 (6.5) |
(3.5, 10.9) |
9 (4.5) |
M41L, M184V, K219Q |
0 (0) |
- |
4 (2.0) |
D30N, L90M |
(67) |
| 2005-07 |
HCMC |
HIV-positive people with TB meningitis |
NR |
220 (NR) |
219/219 |
14 (6.4) |
(3.5, 10.5) |
9 (4.1) |
D67N, T69D, L74V, V75M, M184V, K219R |
6 (2.7) |
K103N, V106M, Y181C, Y188L, G190A |
0 (0) |
- |
(37) |
| 2007 |
Hai Phong |
CSW, IDU, pregnant women, blood donors |
NR |
301 (>90.0) |
273/294 |
8 (2.9) |
(1.3, 5.7) |
3 (1.1) |
L74I, M184I, K219E |
5 (1.8) |
K103N, G190E |
1 (0.3) |
M46I |
(68) |
| 2008 |
Multi-provinces** |
Unknown |
32.0 |
206 (80.1) |
155/173 |
10 (6.5) |
(3.1, 11.5) |
5 (3.2) |
M41L, A62V, D67N, K65R, M184V, L210W, T215F |
5 (3.2) |
K103N, V108I, Y181C, G190A |
3(1.7) |
L33F
M46IL |
(38) |
| 2008-09 |
Quang Ninh |
Pre-ART people |
NR |
63 (NR) |
63/63 |
4 (6.3) |
(1.8, 15.5) |
3 (4.8) |
L74I, V75M, L210W |
1 (1.6) |
Y181C |
0 (0) |
- |
(39) |
| 2008-09 |
HCMC† |
Pre-ART people |
30 |
140 (NR) |
140/140 |
NR |
NA |
8 (5.7) |
NR |
7(5.0) |
NR |
2 (1.3) |
NR |
(36) |
| 2008-09 |
Multi-provinces†† |
CSW and IDU |
29.0 |
122 (60.6) |
92/92 |
7 (7.6) |
(3.1, 15.1) |
6 (6.5) |
M41L, K65R, V75A/M, M184V |
6 (6.5) |
K103N, Y181C, G190A, P225H |
0 (0) |
- |
|
N, number of participants; n, number of cases harbouring HIV drug-resistant mutation; CI, confident interval; HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City; VCT, voluntary counseling and
testing; CSW, commercial sex worker; IDU, injecting drug user; STD, sexually transmitted disease; RT; reverse transcriptase gene; PR, protease gene; ART, antiretroviral
therapy; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; TB, tuberculosis; NR, not
reported; NA, not applicable; Ref, reference.
* Median or mean age (years).
† Baseline data of a longitudinal study.
‡ 95% CI was estimated from number of people harbouring drug resistance of HIV and number of specimen with successful genotyping with both RT and PR genes.
§ Survey used the World Health Organization’s methodology for surveillance for transmitted HIV drug resistance with three thresholds: <5% (low), 5-15% (moderate),
>15% (high).
**Three provinces were enrolled: Ha Noi, Ninh Binh, and Nam Dinh.
†† Five provinces were enrolled: Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Khanh Hoa, and Can Tho.
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