| Characteristics |
Giang et al.* (25)
(N=248) |
Kinh et al.† (26)
(N=79) |
Kinh et al.† (27)
(N=51) |
Lien et al.† (29)
(N=119) |
Nhung et al.‡ (28)
(N=54) |
Dean et al.§ (40)
(N=68) |
| Sample year |
2007 |
2008 |
2008 |
2006-2009 |
2008†† |
2009 |
| Location |
HCMC |
HCMC |
HCMC |
HCMC |
HCMC |
Multi-provinces** |
| Any drug resistance, N (%) |
121 (49) |
NR |
28 (55) |
66 (55) |
34 (50) |
5 (7) |
| NRTI |
Any |
116 (47) |
69 (87) |
25 (49) |
65 (55) |
33 (49) |
5 (7) |
| Any of TAM |
83 (33) |
NR |
NR |
40 (34) |
24 (35) |
2 (3) |
| M184V/I |
90 (36) |
NR |
NR |
57 (48) |
22 (32) |
4 (6) |
| K65R |
11 (4) |
NR |
NR |
9 (8) |
3 (4) |
0 (0) |
| Q151M |
9 (4) |
NR |
NR |
11 (9) |
NR |
0 (0) |
| NNRTI |
Any |
107 (43) |
62 (78) |
28 (55) |
63 (53) |
25 (37) |
4 (6) |
| K103N |
44 (18) |
NR |
NR |
20 (17) |
4 (6) |
1 (1) |
| Y181C/I/V |
43 (17) |
NR |
NR |
35 (29) |
14 (21) |
3 (4) |
| G190A/S |
42 (17) |
NR |
NR |
21 (18) |
11 (16) |
3 (4) |
| Y188L |
13 (5) |
NR |
NR |
12 (10) |
2 (3) |
0 (0) |
| Protease inhibitorPI |
Any major mutation |
10 (4) |
4 (5) |
2 (4) |
2 (2) |
3 (4) |
0 (0) |
N, number of participants; HIVDR, HIV drug resistance; ART, antiretroviral therapy; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, Non- nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City; NR, not reported; TAMs is thymidine-analogue mutations, including M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W,
T215Y/F, and K219Q/E.
* Adults and children with clinical or immunological criteria of first-and second-line ART failure.
† Adults with clinical or immunological criteria of first-line line ART failure.
‡ Children with clinical or immunological criteria of first-and second-line ART failure.
§ Adults receiving ART.
** The study was conducted in Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Khanh Hoa, and Can Tho.
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