| Cell |
Action |
Mechanism |
References |
Macrophages
/monocyte |
Promotes differentiation
Inhibit dendritic cell differentiation
Reduced inflammatory Cytokines
Reduces co-stimulatory molecules |
↑1α hydroxylase
↑1α hydroxylase
↓ IL-6,8,12, TNF*
↓ CD40, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR* |
[13,14,
18-20] |
| T cells |
Homing to inflamed tissue
Homing to skin
Increased T regulatory cells
Reduced inflammatory cytokines |
↑CCR5, CXCR3, CXCR6*
↑CCR10
↑IL-10, TLR-9*
↓ IL-17, IL-2, IFN-gamma |
[13,14,16,18,
20]
|
| Dendritic cells |
Increased T cell regulation
Reduced immune response
Reduced co-stimulatory molecules
Reduced cytokine release |
↑IL-10, TGFß
↓ IL-17
↓ CD1a, CD14, CD40, CD86
↓ IL-12, IL-23 |
[12,13,14,18,
20] |
| Mast cells |
Stabilise mast cell
Reduces IgE dependant pro-inflammatory mediators |
↓ histamine release
↑IL-10 |
[18,21,23] |
*CCR and CXC-chemokine receptors IL-interleukin TLR-toll-like receptors, TGFß-transforming growth factor-beta, TNF-tissue necrosis factor. HLA: Human Leukocyte
Antigens. IFN--gamma-interferon-gamma. CD-cluster designation of immune system cells |
