| Author |
Study type |
Model |
Condition |
Protocol |
Results |
| Schiffer et al., [16] |
Pilot study |
Human |
Depression and anxiety |
LED 810nm; PD = 250 mW/cm2; ED = 60 J/cm2, 4 min. |
Significant results on HAM-A 2nd e 4th week treatment; on 2nd week symptoms remissionin 6 of 10 patients. |
| Naeser et al., [15] |
Case study |
Human |
Traumatic braininjury |
LED 870nm; Total power = 500mWPD = 25.8 mW/cm2;ED = 1 J - 2 s, 1 J/cm2 - 38.8 s. |
Improvement in cognition. |
| Nawashiro et al.,[26] |
Case study |
Human |
Vegetative stateCBF |
LED 850nm; PD = 1.14 W/cm2; ED = 20.5J/cm2; 30 min; |
Increase in CBF (20%) andImproved neurological con- dition from the 6th day. |
| Naeser et al., [15] |
Protocol study |
Human |
Severe and mildTraumatic brain
injury |
LED - 633nm, and 870 nmPD = 13 J/cm2; ED 22.2 mW/cm2 |
Improved sleep, fewer post-traumatic stress disorder Symptoms. Better social, occupational and interpesonalfunctions. |
| Duan et al., [18] |
Experimental |
In vitro |
β-amyloide |
LED 640 ± 15nm; PD = 0.5 to 10W/cm2; T = 30 a 60 min. |
LED significatly decreased apoptosis induced β-amyloide. |
| Quirk et al., [14] |
Experimental |
Animal |
Traumatic braininjury |
LED 670 nm; PD = 50mW/cm2; ED = 15J/cm2; 5 min.; for 10 days. |
Improves the recovery processafter head injury; significant decrease of Bax e Bcl-2. |
| Salgado et al., [19] |
Clinical |
Human |
Cerebral bloodflow |
LED 627 nm; PD = 70 mW/cm2;ED = 10J/cm2 |
TCD parameters showed sig-nificant improvement in the blood flow on the arteries analyzedcellular ATP increased significantlyand reduced neuronal death. LEDprotected nerves cell from toxins related to Parkinson’s disease. |
| Liang et al., [17] |
Experimental |
In vitro |
Neurotoxicity |
LED 670 nm; PD = 50mW/cm2; ED =4 J/cm2; 80 seconds, 2 times/day |
| Wong-Riley et al., [23] |
Experimental |
In vitro |
Neurotoxicity |
LED 670, 728, 770, 830, 880 nm;PD = 50 mW/cm2; ED = 4 J/cm2;applied for 1 min and 20 sec. |
Wavelengths 830 and 670 nm was the most effective in the NIR absorption spectrum of Cco. |
| Rojas et al., [20] |
Experimental |
Animal |
Cognitive functions Oxygen consumption |
LED 660 nm; DP = 9 mW/cm2ED = 9, 10.9, 21.6, 32.9 J/cm2 |
TCLT increased prefrontal cortexoxygen consumption; was able to facilitate fear extinction memory at 10.9 Jcm/2, prevented fear re-newal and increased the metaboliccapacity of the prefrontal cortex |
| Moro et al., |
Experimental |
Animal |
Parkinson’s disease |
LED = 670 nm; PD = 5.5 mW/cm2;ED = 2 J/cm2; |
Neuroprotective benefits at bothcellular and behavioural levels |
Note: LED=light emitting diode; PD=power density; ED=energy density; HAM-A=Hamilton Anxiety Rating Score; NIR=near-infrared; CBF=cerebral blood flow; Aβ=betaamilase;
ROS=reactive oxigen species; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; MAPK=mitogen-activated protein kinase; Cco=cytochrome c oxidase; TDC= transcranial
Doppler ultrasound; TLTC=trasncranial led therapy.