| Gene | 
        GO category | 
        Fold change (+) | 
        Expression/ Function | 
      
      
        | Stra8 (Stimulated by Retinoic Acid gene 8) | 
        Reproduction ; germ cell development;    spermatogenesis ; fertilization ; reproductive process ; cell differentiation | 
        2.42 | 
        Role in premeiotic phase of germ cells, required    for transition into meiosis [29] | 
      
      
        | Mea 1 (Male enhanced antigen 1) | 
        Reproduction; spermatogenesis; reproductive    process; cell differentiation | 
        5.46 | 
        Functions in late    stages of spermiogenesis, expression in pachytene spermatocytes, cytoplasm of    elongated spermatids [30] | 
      
      
        | Crem (cAMP responsive element modulator) | 
        Reproduction ; nucleus ; spermatogenesis ; gene    expression ; regulation of gene expression ; reproductive process | 
        3.69 | 
        Regulation of genes required for spermatid    maturation [31] | 
      
      
        | Zfp42 (Zinc finger protein 42 or    Reduced expression protein 1) | 
        Nucleus ; gene expression ; regulation of gene    expression | 
        8.31 | 
        Expression    in spermatocytes [32] | 
      
      
        | Zfp35 (Zinc finger protein 35) | 
        Reproduction ; nucleus ; spermatogenesis ; gene    expression ; regulation of gene expression ; reproductive process ; cell    differentiation | 
        4.44 | 
        Expression in pachytene spermatocytes [33] | 
      
      
        | Tnp1(Transition    protein 1) | 
        reproduction ; nucleus ; spermatogenesis ;    reproductive process ; cell differentiation | 
        64.65 | 
        Expressed during spermiogenesis [34] | 
      
      
        | Mtl5 (metallothionein-like 5)/ Tesmin | 
        reproduction ; nucleus ; spermatogenesis ;    reproductive process ; cell differentiation | 
        105.95 | 
        Expressed in spermatocytes [35] | 
      
      
        | Prm1 (Protamine 1) | 
        reproduction ; nucleus ; germ cell development ;    spermatogenesis ; reproductive process ; cell differentiation | 
        2884 | 
        Expressed in spermatids [36] | 
      
      
        | Hils1(histone    H1-like protein in spermatids 1 | 
        reproduction ; nucleus ; spermatogenesis ; gene    expression ; regulation of gene expression ; reproductive process ; cell    differentiation | 
        2451 | 
        Spermatid-specificlinkerhistone.H1-likeproteinimplicatedinchromatin    remodeling [37] |