| Diseases |
Type |
Model |
Symptom improvement |
Note |
| SCI relevant [36] |
Primarily cultured rat OECs |
T8 spinal cord crush injury |
Significant improve BBB scores after OECs transplantation |
Combined with chondroitinase ABC |
| Reduced gross area of necrosis |
| SCI relevant [37] |
GDNF modified OECs |
Thoracic spinal cord transection injury |
Lots of confused and disorderly regenerated axons |
Combined with axonal growth inhibiting protein antibody (IN-1) |
| Restored motor activity |
| Improve survival and regeneration of the injured axons |
| SCI relevant [38] |
OECs were isolated from the olfactory bulbs of adult rats |
Spinal cord transection at T9 |
Improved hindlimblocomotor function |
Combined with neural stem cells |
| New nerve fibers across the injured region |
| SCI relevant [39] |
Primarily cultured rat OECs |
C4 hemisection in adult rats |
Enhanced axonal growth nor prevented retrograde cell death |
OECs were transplanted into the lateral funiculus at 1mm rostral and caudal to the transection site |
| Support neuronal survival and regeneration after spinal cord injury |
| SCI relevant [40] |
Human OECs |
lateral T8 hemisection of the spinal cord |
Motor functions steadily increased |
involvement together with Schwann cells into remyelination of regenerating axons |
| SCI relevant [41] |
Primarily cultured rat OECs |
T4 spinal cord transection |
Reduce duration of autonomic dysreflexiaIncreased dendritic length of preganglionic neurons |
|
| SCI relevant [42] |
Primarily cultured rat OECs |
A balloon-induced compressive lesion was used to produce SCI in rats |
Improvement of hindlimb function |
Co-transplantation of olfactory ensheathing glia and mesenchymal stromal cells |
| Modest recovery in amplitude following transplantation |
| SCI relevant [43] |
Primarily cultured rat OECs |
Rat SCI models were created with cushion forces |
Behavioral evaluation showed an improvement |
Co-transplantation of human bone marrow stromal cells |
| Larger numbers and sizes of axon bundles |
| SCI relevant [44] |
embryonic, neonatal, and adult rats OECs |
Toxin-induced model of spinal cord demyelination |
Remyelinate is most efficiently achieved by embryonic-derived OECs |
To search the optimal donor age for OEC associated remyelination |
| Human SCI [45] |
Autologous human OECs |
chronic thoracic paraplegia |
Improvement in spinal cord transmission and activity of lower extremity muscles |
|
| Human SCI [46] |
Autologous human OECs |
Patients with cervical SCI of >6 months' duration |
Improved substantial sensation and motor activity |
No serious complications postoperatively or during the follow-up period |
| Bladder function was restored in two patients |
| Human SCI [47] |
Autologous human OECs |
lesions ranging from 1 to 6 cm that were present at C4–T6 neurological levels |
Improved in their ASIA sensory neurological scores |
|
| Abbreviation: BBB (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan), T8 (Thoracic 8), C4 (Cervical 4), ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) |
