| Stimulatory cells |
Chondrogenic cell |
Culture system |
Cell ratio |
direct/ indirect |
Co-culture effect |
Reference |
| oaAC (human) |
MSC
p7043L cell line
(human) |
ML/insert with poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) construct |
--- |
indirect |
↑coll. II, aggrecan, PG, coll. content |
[17] |
| AC (human) |
MSC (human)
(company: Lonza) |
hyaluronic hydrogel |
1:4 |
direct |
↑PG, coll. content, biomechanics
↓coll. X |
[51] |
| AC, NS chondrocytes
(bovine, human) |
BMSC, ASC (human) |
pellet |
1:3 |
direct
indirect |
↑PG, ↑type II collagen mRNA,
↑AC proliferation |
[26] |
| AC (human & bovine) |
BMSC, ASC, synovial SC (human) |
pellet |
1:4, 1:1 |
direct |
↑cartilage formation, PG, proliferation |
[25] |
| AC (equine) |
MSC (equine) |
pellet |
1:1 |
direct |
↑coll. II, aggrecan, SOX9 |
[56] |
| AC (human) |
BMSC (human) |
pellet |
1:1, 1:2 |
direct
indirect |
↓calcification, coll. X/II ratio, IHH/coll. II ratio, ALP activity |
[57] |
| AC (hPi cell line, GFP labelled) |
BMSC (Kp-hMSC, human cell line) |
ML on both sites of insert membrane & pure ML |
1:1 |
direct |
↑coll II & I, SOX9, I-CAM1, ITGA1, -3, TGFβ2, -3, -R1, BMP4, -5, smad1, -4, IGF1, EGF, FGF2, FGFR2 |
[86] |
| AC (rabbit) |
BMSC (human) |
hydrogel alginate |
2:1, 1:1, 1:2 |
direct |
↑coll. II, PG
↓osteocalcin |
[122] |
| AC (bovine) |
osteogenic differentiated MSC (human & caprine) |
insert bilayered poly(ethylene glycol) gels (PEG)
PEG on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) PLGA |
--- |
indirect
direct |
(caprine)
↑PG, mineralisation
(human)
↑coll. II, SOX9, coll. X |
[123] |
| AC (porcine) |
BMSC (porcine) |
PGA |
1:1 |
direct |
↑PG, biomechanics |
[65] |
| AC (porcine) |
BMSC (porcine) |
PLGA |
1:4 |
direct |
↑BMSC chondrogenic differentation |
[112] |
| AC (bovine) |
BMSC (rat) |
alginate/monolayer |
--- |
indirect |
osteogenesis? |
[119] |
| AC (human) |
BMSC (human) |
alginate/chitosan microcapsules |
10:1, 5:1, 2:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:10 |
direct |
↑DNA
↑total protein |
[111] |
| AC (human) |
BMSC (human) |
pellet |
1:1, 1:3, 1:9 |
direct |
↑coll. II, coll. I, S100, PG
↓coll. X |
[114] |
| AC (human) |
BMSC (human) |
pellet
PLGA/insert |
3:7 |
direct
indirect |
↑coll. II, coll. IX, COMP, PG, SOX9 |
[84] |
| AC (human) |
ASC (human) |
pellet
conditioned medium |
1:1 |
direct
indirect |
↑coll. II, PG, SOX9, coll. X |
[16] |
| AC (human) |
ASC (human) |
fibrin
coll. scaffold
pellet |
1:20, 1:10, 1:5 |
direct |
↑coll. IX, aggrecan, SOX9, COMP, CRTL1, MIA |
[115] |
| AC (human) |
ASC (rat) |
coll. scaffold |
1:1, 1:2, 1:3 |
direct |
↑PG, coll. I |
[124] |
| AU |
BMSC |
PGA/PLA scaffold |
1:1 |
direct |
↑Youngs module, ↑elastic fibers
↑proliferation |
[32] |
| costal chondrocytes |
BMSC |
PLGA scaffold |
1:2 |
direct
indirect |
↑chondrogenesis |
[29] |
AC: Articular Chondrocytes; ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase; AU: Auricular; BMSC: Bone-marrow Derived Stem Cells; COMP: Cartilage Oligomeric Protein; coll.: collagen;
CRTL1: Cartilage Link Protein1; ITGA1: β1-integrin; dd: dedifferentiated; DF: Dermal Fibroblasts; FC: Fibro-chondrocytes; ASC: Adipose tissue derived Stem Cells; IHH:
Indian Hedgehog; MDSC: Muscle-derived Stem Cell; MIA: Melanoma Inhibitory Activity; ML: Monolayer; MSC: Mesenchymal Stem Cells; NS: Nasoseptal; oa: osteoarthritic
chondrocytes; OB: Osteoblasts; PEODA: Poly(ethylene oxide) diacrylate; PG: Proteoglycans; SOX9: SRY (Sex determining Region Y)-box 9. |
