For the sequential measurement of the molecular identity, structure and function of the protein analyte, human insulin, the mass increases at the gold-coated prism of the GPI-protein chip through (i) binding of insulin to the anti-insulin GPI-antibodies/scFvs embedded in the phospholipid monolayer coat, then (ii) binding of the insulin receptor, consisting of two α- and two β-chains each, to the insulin, which is immobilised by the anti-insulin GPI-antibodies/scFvs, and finally (iii) induction of phosphate transfer from ATP to the insulin receptor, which is immobilised by the insulin-anti-insulin GPI-antibody/
