Authors |
Subjects |
Method |
Intervention |
Results |
a) Animal Studies |
|
|
|
|
Marenco et al. [156] |
Rats- chronically nic exposed vs. nic naive |
2-deoxy-D-[1-14C] glucose autoradiography |
SC nic
(0.4 mg/kg) vs. saline |
↑ thal, superior colliculus in chronically exposed; thal, superior colliculus, medial habenula and dorsal lateral geniculate in nic naive |
London et al. [38, 39] |
Rats |
2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose autoradiography |
SC nic
(0.1 to 1.75 mg/kg) |
↑ nicotine rich regions, including thal, cereb, visual system, others |
b) Human Studies |
|
|
|
|
Staley et al.
[86] |
16 smokers
16 non-smokers |
5 IA-SPECT |
Recent abstinence |
↑ Striatum, Parietal cortex, frontal cortex, anterior cingulated, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, cerebellum |
Zubieta et al. [43] |
19 smokers |
15O-PET |
Nicotine containing versus denicotinized cigarettes |
↓ global blood flow |
Stapleton et al. [27] |
4 smokers; 2 non-smokers |
2 FDG-PETs
(Fully quantified) |
IV nic (1.5 mg) versus placebo |
↓global and most regions studied |
Yamamoto et al. [25] |
10 smokers |
99mTc-ECD SPECT |
Cigarette vs. abstinence |
↓global blood flow |
Rose et al. [35] |
34 smokers |
15O-PET |
Cigarette vs. no nic control conditions |
↑L frontal factor (incl prefrontal and ACC),↓ L amyg rCBF |
Zubieta et al. [40] |
18 smokers |
15O-PET |
Nic nasal spray vs. pepper spray |
↑anterior thal; ↓ L ant temp and R amyg |
Domino et al. [26] |
11 smokers |
FDG-PET |
Nic nasal spray vs. pepper spray |
Small ↓ global; ↑ L IFG, L PC, R thal, visual cortex; ↓ normalized L ins and R inf occ ctx |
Domino et al. [37] |
18 smokers |
15O-PET |
Nic nasal spray vs. pepper spray |
↑ thal, pons, visual cortex, cereb |
Stein et al. [36] |
16 smokers |
fMRI |
IV nic
(0.75- 2.25 mg/70 kg wt) vs. placebo |
↑ R NAc and bilateral amyg, cingulate, frontal lobes, thal, others |
Rourke et al. [28] |
8 smokers; 8 former smokers; 17 non-smokers |
iodine-123 iodoamphetamine (IMP) SPECT |
Smokers smoked the morning of the scan; other groups did not |
↓ cortical uptake of IMP
(a measure of blood flow) in current smokers compared to other groups |