| Author |
Subjects |
Method/Task |
Intervention |
Results |
| Hartwell et al. [121] |
32 smokers |
fMRI/smoking vs. neutral cues |
“allow yourself to crave” vs. “resist craving” |
↑ activation during “crave” condition in LACC, medial prefrontal cortex, left middle cingulate gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, and bilateral precuneus |
| Goudriaan et al. [123] |
17 non-smoking problem gamblers; 18 non-gambling smokers; 17 non-gambling non-smoking controls |
fMRI/gambling, smoking-related, and neutral pictures |
none |
Smokers with higher FTND scores showed ↑ activation in VMPFC, rostral ACC, insula, and middle/superior temporal gyrus while watching smoking-related pictures compared to patients with lower FTND scores |
| Janes et al. [125] |
13 smokers |
fMRI/smoking-related vs. neutral images |
Pre-quit vs. extended (52 +/- 11 days) abstinence aided by nicotine replacement therapy |
Smoking cue induced ↑ activity during abstinence in subcortical caudate nucleus and prefrontal, primary somatosensory, temporal, parietal, occipital, and posterior cingulate cortices. |
| Janse Van Rensburg et al. [126] |
10 smokers |
fMRI/smoking-related vs. neutral images |
Exercise vs. sitting |
Post-exercise ↓ activity in caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex, parietal lobe, parahippocampal, and fusiform gyrus and ↑activity in “default” regions compared to controls |
| McClernon et al. [124] |
30 smokers |
fMRI/smoking-related vs. neutral images |
none |
↑ reactivity to cues in right anterior cingulate and OFC in patients with higher FTND scores; ↑ reactivity in left hippocampus and left OFC in males; ↑ reactivity in cuneus and left superior temporal gyrus in females |
| Brody et al. [122] |
42 smokers |
fMRI/smoking-related vs. neutral images |
Crave vs. resist craving |
↑ activation during “resist” condition in left dorsal ACC, PCC, and precuneus; ↓activation during “resist” condition in cuneus bilaterally, right postcentral gyrus, left lateral occipital gyrus |
