| Study |
Underlying disorder (N) |
Methods |
Outcome |
Concomitant medication |
| Ahmed et al. [74] |
Bipolar disorder (1) |
Case report; Duration: 7 days (1mg/day) |
Acute manic episode |
mianserin (90 mg/day), oxazepam (10 mg/day), acetylsalicylic acid (80 mg/day), barnidipine (20 mg/day), hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/day), perindopril (8 mg/day) and rosuvastatin (5 mg/day) |
| Francois et al. [75] |
None (1) |
Case report; Duration: 7 days (dose not specified) |
Grandiose delusions, agitation, insomnia, rapid speech |
None |
| Freedman, [76] |
Schizophrenia (1) |
Case report; Duration: 5 days (1 mg BID) |
Exacerbation of psychotic symptoms |
Thiothixene (1015mg/day) |
| Hussain et al. [77] |
History of mild depression (1) |
Case report; Duration: approximately three weeks (0.5mg/day) |
Manic episode |
Oxycodone (up to 12 pills/day), diazepam (10mg/day) |
| Ismail et al. [78] |
Schizophrenia (1) |
Case report; Duration: 20 days (1 mg BID) |
Significant reduced smoking and self report craving to smoke. Polydipsia and hyponatremia |
Depot risperidone (25mg /2 weeks) |
| Kohen and Kremen, [79] |
Bipolar disorder (1) |
Case report; Duration: 7 days (2mg/day) |
Exacerbation of manic episode |
valproic acid (dose not specified) |
| Morstad, [81] |
Bipolar II disorder, polysubstance abuse (1) |
Case report; Duration: approximately one month (2mg/day) |
Hypomanic episode with suicidal ideation |
bupropion XL (300 mg/day), clonazepam (1 mg/day), oxcarbazepine (450 mg/day), quetiapine (100 mg/day), montelukast (10 mg/day), pantoprazole (40 mg/day) |
| Popkin, [82] |
Major depression |
Case report; Duration: 6 weeks (2mg/day) |
Hypersomnia, unusual dreams, decreased appetite, irritability, sadness and guilt |
Fluoxetine (20mg/day), asprin, niacin and metoprolol |
| Waldo et al. [83] |
Schizophrenia (6) |
Pilot study; Duration: 2 hours (1 mg, once) |
Varenicline did not improve P50 gating. Study discontinued due to emergence of suicidal ideation, aggressive, erratic behavior |
Atypical APDs |
| Anghelescu, [86] |
Schizophrenia (1) |
Case report; Duration: 2 weeks (1 mg BID) |
Complete abstinence confirmed with expired CO level, improvement of negative symptoms 45 to 22 via PANSS |
Depot risperidone (37.5mg/2 weeks) |
| Fatemi, [87] |
Schizophrenia (1) |
Case report; Duration: >24 weeks (1 mg BID) |
Meaningful reduction in number of cigarettes smoked |
Clozapine (700mg/day) and citalopram (40 mg/day) |
| Evins and Goff, [88] |
Schizophrenia (16) |
Case series; Duration: 12 weeks (1 mg BID) |
Reduced craving to smoke, 13 patients quit smoking (expired CO level <9 ppm), self report abstinence ≥12 weeks |
Various antipsychotics |
| Smith et al. [90] |
Schizophrenia (9); Schizoaffective (3) |
Case series; Duration: 9 weeks (1 mg BID) |
Significant decrease in plasma cotinine (p <0.01), expired CO level (p<0.05), self reported smoking urges, number of cigarettes smoked and nicotine level. Improvement in some cognitive test score |
Various antipsychotics |
| Weiner et al. [91] |
Schizophrenia (8) |
Double blind randomized trial; Duration: 12 weeks (1 mg BID) |
Sustained abstinent and significant reduction in CO level <10 ppm (p=0.02)in Varenicline group |
Atypical antipsychotics |
| Dutra et al. [93] |
Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorder (53) |
Trial combined with CBT; Duration: 12 weeks (1 mg BID) |
60.4% attained abstinence, significantly reduced CO levels (p<0.001) compared with baseline |
Various antipsychotics |
| Pirmoradi et al. [100] |
Alcohol abuse and MDD (1) |
Case report; Duration: 7 days (1mg/day) |
Experience of severe anxiety |
eszopiclone (2 mg/day), fluoxetine (20 mg/day), bupropion hydrochloride (300 mg/day), lisinopril (10 mg/day) and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/day) |
| Pumariega et al. [101] |
MDD (1) |
Case report; Duration: 90 days (dose not specified) |
Creation of manic episode |
Sertraline (dose not specified) |
| DiPaula and Thomas, [102] |
Bipolar disorder (1) |
Case report; Duration: 2 days (2mg/day) |
Exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and agitation |
Hallopridol, olanzapine, lorazpam and diphenhydramine (dose not specified) |
| Liu et al. [103] |
Schizoaffective disorder (1) |
Case report; Duration: 13 days (dose not specified) |
Exacerbation of mania episode with psychotic features |
clothiapine (160 mg/day) and lithium (1,200 mg/day) |
| Lyon, [104] |
MDD, GAD, BLPD and marijuana use (1) |
Case report; Duration: One month (2mg/day) |
Paranoia and irritability |
Topiramate (200 mg/day), duloxetine (120 mg/day), modafinil (400 mg/day) and clonazepam (2mg/day) |
| Alhatem et al. [105] |
Bipolar and Adult ADHD disorder (1) |
Case report; Duration: 2 weeks (dose not specified) |
Exacerbation of mania |
Quetiapine and amphetamine salts (dose not specified) |
| Kutscher et al. [106] |
None (1) |
Case report; Duration: 10 weeks (dose not specified) |
Paranoia, anxiety and suicidal ideation |
Oral contraceptive |
| Raidoo et al. [107] |
PTSD, depression, alcohol dependence (1) |
Case report; Duration: 19 days (2mg/day) |
Visual hallucination |
fluoxetine (20 mg/day), nortriptyline (25 mg/day), quetiapine (50 mg/day), prazosin (1 mg/day), pramipexole (0.5 mg/day), terazosin (5 mg/day), atenolol (50 mg/day) and spironolactone (50 mg/day) |
| Cinemre et al. [108] |
Brief episode of atypical psychosis (1) |
Case report; Duration: 30 days (dose not specified) |
Creation of psychotic symptoms |
None |
ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BLPD: Borderline personality disorder; GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder; MDD, Major depressive disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder