| Exposure |
Agent or Process |
| Acids |
Glacial acetic, sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric acid |
| Alkali |
Ammonia, bleach, calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide, World Trade Center dust, air bag emissions |
| Gases |
Chlorine, sulfur dioxide, mustard, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, nitrogen dioxide; dinitrogen tetroxide |
| Spraying |
Spraying of paints and coatings |
| Explosion |
Irritant gases, vapors and fume releases under pressure; uranium hexafluoride; World Trade Center disaster |
| Fire/pyrolysis |
Combustion and pyrolysis products of fires, burning paint fumes, pyrolysis products of polyvinylchloride (PVC) meat wrapping film; smoke inhalation, Chlorofluorocarbons degradation, urea fumes |
| Confined spaces |
Epichlorhydrin, acrolein, floor sealant, metal coating remover, biocides, fumigating aerosol, cleaning aerosol sprays, mixture of drain cleaning agents |
| Environment & Workplace |
SO2 gas in a pyrite dust explosion; locomotive and diesel exhaust; Dunsmuir Metam Sodium Spill; aerosols of metalworking fluids including aldehyde and formaldehyde; aluminum smelter workers exposed to pot-room fumes; metal processing plant and c chlorine gas exposures; bleachery workers with ozone and chlorine dioxide/SO2 gassings; chlorine gas “puffs” among pulp mill workers & chlorine gassing incidents; sodium persulfate; inorganic salts used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches & hair-coloring preparation; shoe and leather workers exposed to the organic solvents ; workers exposed to SO2 from apricot sulfurization tunnel construction workers, cleaning and disinfecting workers in the food industry, chili pepper pickers, dust exposure in Norwegian smelters; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate in dentists; synthetic leather workers exposed to organic solvents toluene, xylene and methyl ethyl ketone; eucalyptus; fragranced aerosol products; gases from liquid manure; steam system additive 2-diethylaminoethanolamine; irritant gas containing chromate at a chrome pellet manufacturing plant; bromochlorodifluoromethane and bromotrifluoromethane. |
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