| Organ |
Advances of tissue engineering |
| Bladder |
First successful tissue engineered bladder transplanted by Atala et al. [68] |
| Urethra |
First successful bioengineered urethra by Atala [127] |
| Blood vessels |
First implantation of bioengineered vessel (pulmonary artery) by Shinoka et al. [128] |
| Heart |
Ott et al. [135] constructed novel heart in vitro using decellularized cadaveric hearts seeded with cells |
| Bone |
Marcacci et al. [147] used 100% hydroxyapatite porous ceramic scaffolds seeded with MSCs to treat fracture nonunion in patients with good outcome.
Horwitz et al. [150] used gene marked donor marrow-derived MSCc to treat 6 children with severe osteogenesis imperfecta with good results in 5 patients. |
| Cartilage tissues |
Yoshikawa et al. [155] reported two case studies of intervertebral disc regeneration therapy using marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation with good results after 2 years follow up.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) were used for treatment of knee articular cartilage defects with numerous successful case report studies [152,153] |
| Liver |
Tissue engineering of liver organoids in vitro by groups of Uygun et al. [171], and Baptista et al. [172] |
