| Gene |
Function |
Methylation State in GBC |
Remarks |
| SHP1 |
Cell growth, differentiation and mitotic cycle. |
Hypermethylated |
No significant difference in methylation between CC and GBC [2] |
| p15 |
Cell cycle regulator |
Hypermethylated |
Poor survival rates[8] |
| 3OST-2 |
Encodes an O-sulfotransferase |
Hypermethylated |
Altered expression in breast cancers as well[21] |
| CDH13 |
Promotes cell-cell adhesion |
Hypermethylated |
Causes cancer infiltration to serosa[8] |
| RUNX3 |
Role in TGF-beta signal pathway |
Hypermethylated |
Helicobacter pylori can accelerate its methylation status[1] |
| APC |
Negative regulator controlling beta-catenin and thus involved in adhesion and apoptosis |
Hypermethylated |
Poor survival rates[8] |
| p16 |
Cyclin dependent kinase |
Hypermethylated |
Significant prognostic factor; better survival rate without its methylation[1] |
| HPP1 |
Involved in TGF- beta signaliing pathway |
Methylation status not checked in normal gall bladder cells |
|
| MGMT |
Methyltransferase |
Hypermethylated |
Significant correlation between survival rate and methylation status[8];favourable prognosis with alkylating agents[8] |
| RIZ1 |
Retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene, a putative TSG |
Hypermethylated |
Associated with increasing depth of invasion and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) [2] |
| CDH1 |
Cellular adhesion;loss leads to metastasis and invasion |
Hypermethylated |
No significant difference between methylated and non-methylated cases[1] |
| DLC1 |
GTPase activating protein |
Hypermethylated |
Poor survival rates[8];higher methylation through cancer progression[8] |
| Reprimo |
Cell cycle regulator |
Hypermethylated |
|
| SEMA3B |
Induces apoptosis |
Hypermethylated |
|
| FHIT |
Role in apoptosis and DNA replication |
Hypermethylated |
No correlation between survival rate and methylation status[7] |
| p73 |
Involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation |
Hypermethylated |
Low methylation frequency[2] |
| SOCS 1 |
Involved in JAK STAT pathway; also takes part in a negative feedback loop to attenuate cytokine signaling |
Hypermethylated |
Low methylation frequency[2] |
| RAR 2 |
Role in cell signalling |
Hypermethylated |
Higher methylation through cancer progression[8] |
| DAPK |
Serine throenine Kinase; positive mediator of gamma-interferon induced programmed cell death |
Hypermethylated |
Higher methylation through cancer progression[8] |
| DcR2 |
TNF-receptor superfamily |
Hypermethylated |
4% methylation in CC[2] |
| RASSF1A |
Inhibits the expression of the RAS oncogene, acting as a tumor suppressor gene |
Hypermethylated |
Methylation in exon 1 of this gene was 36.4% in carcinoma samples, 25.0% in adenoma and 8.0% in normal epithelium [5,24] |
| UCHL1 |
Belongs topeptidase C12 family |
Hypomethylated |
Methylation frequency decreases from normal epithelium to adenoma to carcinoma[1] |
| TIMP3 |
Encodes inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases, a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix |
Hypermethylated |
Higher methylation through cancer progression[8] |
| p14 |
Regulates cell cycle |
Hypermethylated |
High methylation frequency[4] |
| DUTT 1 |
Role in metastasis and migration |
Hypermethylated |
|
| BLU |
Role in cell cycle |
Hypermethylated |
|
| MLH1 |
Mismatch repair |
|
GBC due to MSI[1] |
| GSTP1 |
Involved in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of hydrophobic
and electrophilic compounds |
|
|
| DrC 1 |
Key component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), essential for N-DRC integrity |
|
Low methylation frequency[2] |
| HIN1 |
Inhibits cell growth(mainly secreted in Breast epithelium) |
Hypermethylated |
Low methylation frequency[2] |
| CHFR |
Cell cycle regulator; provides a checkpoint that delays entry into metaphase |
|
Low methylation frequency[2] |
