| Disease and disease model/patients |
Cellular replacement or environmental enrichment |
Possible side effects |
Possible therapeutic effects |
PD
Patients |
Cellular replacement of DA neurons from fetal tissue |
Involuntary movements
Immune rejection
Not long survival of transplanted cells |
Marked symptomatic relief after transplantation |
PD
Rat model |
Cellular replacement of ES cells differentiated into DA neurons |
Immune rejection
Tumor formation |
Functional recovery |
PD
Rodent model |
Cellular replacement of iPS differentiated into DA neurons |
Tumor formation by viral transduction of reprogramming factors |
Improved functional deficits |
PD
Rodent model |
Environmental enrichment by MSCs and NPCs designed to produce growth factors to maintain remaining DA neurons |
|
Promotion of functional recovery |
PD
Rat model |
Environmental enrichment by transplanting HUMSCs expressing VEGF |
|
Normalization of phenotype and reduced loss of dopaminergic neurons |
AD
Patients |
Environmental enrichment by epithelial cells expressing NGF |
|
Results are not published yet |
AD
Rodent model |
Environmental enrichment by transplanting NPCs together with BDNF enhancement |
|
Increased synaptic density and cognitive function |
AD
Mouse model |
Cellular replacement of HUMSCs |
|
Glial activation, reduction of oxidative stress and apoptosis
Restoring memory and learning functions |
HD
Rodent model |
Cellular replacement of MSNs from fetal tissue |
|
MSNs integrated and formed circuitry |
HD
Patients |
Cellular replacement of MSNs from fetal tissue |
|
Minor temporary progress before inherent degeneration of neurons |
HD
Rat model |
Cellular replacement of primed NPCs |
|
Accelerate sensorimotor function outcome |
HD
Rodent model |
Environmental enrichment by NPCs overexpressing GDNF |
|
Neuronal protection and functional recovery |
