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Surgery: Current Research | ISSN: 2161-1076 | Volume 8
August 31-September 01, 2018 | Toronto, Canada
Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery
International Conference on
Dermatopathology & Skin Care
International Conference & Expo on
&
Classification and morphological variation of the frontalis muscle and implications on the clinical
practice
Sherine S Raveendran, L Ion
and
DJ Anthony
Toronto Medical Aesthetics, Canada
F
orehead aesthetics is an imperative element in the rejuvenation process of the face. Restoration of the upper facial aesthetics
facilitates to counteract the changes related to the aging process. The interaction between the frontalis and its antagonist's
muscles contribute to the overall aesthetic balance of the forehead. In this study, we evaluated the gross anatomy of the frontalis
and classified the muscle according to the morphological appearance. Twenty-six cadavers of Caucasian and South East Asian
origin were dissected. The frontalis muscle was dissected without mobilization and the gross anatomy and variations were
analyzed on the backdrop of gender and ethnicity. Our dissection studies revealed three main variations of the muscle based
on the extent of interdigitation between the two bellies in the midline. The average length of the muscle is 10.9 cm in males and
9.1cm in females. The width of the muscle in females was 6.5 cm at the base and 4 cm at the insertion and 5.8cm at the base and
4.4cm at the insertion in males. In six specimens, the muscle attached only up to the medial two-thirds of the eyebrows. This
was predominantly observed in the Caucasians cadavers and may contribute the constitutional downward slanting eyebrows
in some individuals. This study provides a comprehensive analysis and classification of the frontalis muscle. Understanding the
morphological variation of the muscle helps to amend the clinical application accordingly. Clinical evaluation of the patterns
of decussation of the frontalis muscle may assist with non-surgical interventions using botulinum toxin.
Biography
Raveendran is a Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic surgeon with a special interest in burns and clefts. She was board certified as a specialist in Sri Lanka, con-
tinued her training in Plastic & Reconstructive surgery in the United Kingdom, and was successful in the Fellowship examination by the Royal College of Surgeons
of Edinburgh and the European Board of Plastic surgical examination. She worked in many of the prestigious hospitals in the United Kingdom. She received her
Master’s degree in Aesthetic Surgery from Queen Mary University, London and was trained in cosmetic surgery in the UK. She had an excellent academic record
and won awards and medals during her training. She has published many scientific articles and authored book chapters in the field of Plastic and Aesthetic surgery.
She has presented at several international meetings and is an invited reviewer for scientific journals. After practicing in the surgical field for more than a decade,
She established Toronto Medical Aesthetics, an institute that provides advanced medical aesthetic procedures in the province of Ontario.
drsheriner@yahoo.comSherine S Raveendran et al., Surgery Curr Res 2018, Volume 8
DOI: 10.4172/2161-1076-C4-044