Breast Carcinogenesis Open Access Articles

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. Tetraploidy as a phenomenon occurring at two points of breast carcinogenesis: as an intermediate state, when it is still reversible (as in precancerous stage), or when the tumor reaches certain size and is on the way to aneuploidy, and genomic instability. So it is important to distinguish between the benign, precancerous and the more ominous, leading to genomic instability tetraploidy. Genetic susceptibility plays a minor role in some cases. Diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning lump. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatment can be possible to cure the over modified cells. Open access to the scientific literature means the removal of barriers (including price barriers) from accessing scholarly work. There are two parallel “roads” towards open access: Open Access articles and self-archiving. Open Access articles are immediately, freely available on their Web site, a model mostly funded by charges paid by the author (usually through a research grant). The alternative for a researcher is “self-archiving” (i.e., to publish in a traditional journal, where only subscribers have immediate access, but to make the article available on their personal and/or institutional Web sites (including so-called repositories or archives)), which is a practice allowed by many scholarly journals.

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Last date updated on September, 2024