Biopharmaceuticals are the chemical entities that are used as medical drugs in the treatment of illness which are produced by using biotechnological techniques. The biopharmaceuticals basically includes the macro-molecular products like proteins, nucleic acids, etc. which are employed as protein-based (like antibodies) and or nucleic acid-based (like antisense-oligonucleotide) drugs. The microorganisms like viruses and bacteria can also be used as biopharmaceutical therapeutics and or finds its application as in vivo diagnostic purposes. This subset of biopharmaceuticals including attenuated microorganisms and or the medical products composed of cellular or tissue based matter is generally referred as biologics for example stored RBC units. The attenuated microorganisms whose virulence has been reduced are produced by means other than the direct extraction from their native biological sources as using non-engineered biological sources may pose the higher risks in its usage. The first biopharmaceutical substance produced and approved for therapeutic use was insulin via recombinant DNA technology. Scholarly peer review is the process of subjecting an author'sscholarlywork, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal. The work may be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, or rejected. Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able to perform reasonably impartial review.
Last date updated on September, 2024
Spanish 
Chinese 
Russian 
German 
French 
Japanese 
Portuguese 
Hindi