Nulliparity is a condition that has been associated with the development of some oncological gynecological diseases. Cancer mortality rates in Catholic nuns (breast, ovarian and uterine) is higher than in general population , and nulliparous women appear more susceptible to these three cancers, as compared to parous women, thus suggesting that pregnancy represents a ââ¬Ëprotectedââ¬â¢ time . It is suggested that in nulliparous women, the increased number of cycles between menarche and menopause expose to an increased risk of hormone-dependent cancers.
Open access to the scientific literature means the removal of barriers (including price barriers) from accessing scholarly work. There are two parallel ââ¬Åroadsââ¬Â towards open access: Open Access articles and self-archiving. Open Access articles are immediately, freely available on their Web site, a model mostly funded by charges paid by the author (usually through a research grant). The alternative for a researcher is ââ¬Åself-archivingââ¬Â (i.e., to publish in a traditional journal, where only subscribers have immediate access, but to make the article available on their personal and/or institutional Web sites (including so-called repositories or archives)), which is a practice allowed by many scholarly journals.
Open Access raises practical and policy questions for scholars, publishers, funders, and policymakers alike, including what the return on investment is when paying an article processing fee to publish in an Open Access articles, or whether investments into institutional repositories should be made and whether self-archiving should be made mandatory, as contemplated by some funders.
Last date updated on September, 2024