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Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors are very effective drugs for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), but treatment options are limited and relatively ineffective for patients with de-novo or acquired resistance. The K562 human erythroleukemia cell line, derived from a pleural effusion during blast crisis of a CML patient, is very useful for studying hematopoietic differentiation because it undergoes differentiation and apoptosis in response to chemicals that propagate lipid-peroxidation. 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a reactive aldehyde produced from peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, is metabolized primarily by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). 4-HNE causes differentiation, apoptosis and necrosis in K562 cells, but cannot be used as a drug for resistant CML because of its highly toxic nature. Present studies addressed the possibility of developing an alternative targeted treatment aimed at increasing intracellular 4-HNE through inhibition of GST. Because the major GST-isoenzymes in leukemia cells are also present in normal tissues, we explored the possibility of modulating cellular 4-HNE levels by inhibiting GST isozymes with high activity towards 4-HNE. Our studies identified the presence of the GSTO1 isoenzyme in K562 cells, demonstrated its activity towards 4-HNE, and showed that its depletion causes apoptosis, necrosis and differentiation of these cells. These effects of GSTO1 depletion appear to involve RUNX1 mediated transcriptional regulation of GM-CSF. These findings offer a new target for treatment of resistant CML.
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