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Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) refers to the administration of ventilator support without using an invasive artificial airway for the management of acute and chronic refractory failure, in both the home setting and in the critical care unit. Noninvasive ventilation has been used as a replacement for invasive ventilation but its flexibility also allows it to be a valuable complement in patient management. This technique is distinguished from those which bypass the upper airway with a tracheal tube, laryngeal mask, or tracheostomy. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in this document refers to the non-invasive application of positive airway pressure, again using a face or nasal mask rather than in conjunction with invasive techniques.