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Meta Description: Smoking is the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases. Cross-sectional studies have shown that smokers are two to seven times more likely to present periodontitis, compared to non-smokers.
Periodontal diseases are infectious diseases in which periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses that are thought to determine the clinical outcome of the disease. Smoking is the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases. Cross-sectional studies have shown that smokers are two to seven times more likely to present periodontitis, compared to non-smokers. Clinical studies have demonstrated that smokers have more severe periodontal disease, with increased bone loss greater periodontal attachment loss, more gingival recession and periodontal pocket formation.
The presence of periodontopathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola (called the red complex) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, considered the major etiologic agents in periodontitis, triggers the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), which have been associated with the immunopathology of periodontitis.
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