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Instrumental nano-, micro-, and macro-indentations are still primarily standardized with diamond Berkovich indenters according to ISO 14577. These standards rest on diverging mathematical deductions of Love [1] and Sneddon [2] claiming proportionality of the applied normal force FN (they called it P) and h2 for the loading curves (h is penetration depth) for all kinds of (pseudo)conical indenters. This found widespread belief in publications and textbooks, but experimental loading curves do not show such relation. Several iterative "excuses" for this inconsistency were proposed, and finite element (FE) simulations continue to converge with exponent 2 on h. Claims that these would reproduce experimental loading curves are incorrect [3,4], the published experimental curves analyze with exponent 3/2. In that situation ISO 14577 concentrated on the iterative analysis of the unloading curve with freely iterated exponent on h (between 1 and 3) for gaining values of indentation hardness HISO and reduced elastic modulus Er-ISO. Such iterations are with respect to standard materials and projected area Ahc. To see more
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