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Antibiotics or antibacterials are a type of antimicrobial agents used specifically against bacteria and are often used in medical treatment of bacterial infections and certain parasitic infections.
Mechanism of Action: Antibacterial action generally falls within one of four mechanisms, three of which involve the inhibition or regulation of enzymes involved in
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Vancomycin ---> Disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linkage
Bacitracin ---> Disrupts movement of peptidoglycan precursors (topical use)
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis (Translation)
Aminoglycosides ---> Irreversibly bind 30S ribosomal proteins (bactericidal)
Tetracyclines ---> Block tRNA binding to 30S ribosome-mRNA complex (b-static)
Chloramphenicol ---> Binds peptidyl transferase component of 50S ribosome, blocking peptide elongation (bacteriostatic)
Macrolides ---> Reversibly bind 50S ribosome, block peptide elongation (b-static)
Clindamycin ---> Binds 50S ribosome, blocks peptide elongation; Inhibits peptidyl transferase by interfering with binding of amino acid-acyl-tRNA complex
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
DNA Effects
Quinolones ---> Inhibit DNA gyrases or topoisomerases required for supercoiling of DNA; bind to alpha subunit
Metronidazole ---> Metabolic cytotoxic byproducts disrupt DNA
RNA Effects (Transcription)
Rifampin ---> Binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibiting initiation & Rifabutin of RNA synthesis
Bacitracin (topical) ---> Inhibits RNA transcription
Antimetabolite Activity
Sulfonamides & Dapsone ---> Compete with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) preventing synthesis of folic acid
Trimethoprim ---> Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase preventing synthesis of folic acid
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