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Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly prevalent infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The World Health Organization (WHO) recently estimated that one-third of the world’s population is infected with MTB and that 13.7 million people worldwide have active TB [1]. Long-term therapy consists of four drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide), which are administered for 2 months, followed by two drugs (isoniazid and rifampin), which are used in combination for 4 months [2]. Although this treatment regimen has reduced the mortality rate worldwide, the emergence of multidrugresistant TB (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), and TB/HIV co-infection are challenges that need to be overcome [3]. The mechanism involved in drug resistance is still not fully understood, but several factors are involved, including changes in membrane permeability, mutations in or modifications to cellular targets, and increased expression of efflux pumps [4].
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