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Lagoons and estuaries are highly productive fishing areas with high naturalistic and ecological value. They are where juveniles of many important commercial species grow (e.g. eels and mullet), as well as being transit areas for migratory water birds. The current eutrophic and hypertrophic conditions of many of these areas destroy their enormous productive potential and lead to the dominance of faciescharacterised by opportunistic macroalgae, which are known to proliferate on a massive scale and undergo sudden decay in summer. This in turn promotes the development of anoxigenic bacteria, release of toxic catabolites and fish die-off.The problem is undeniably compounded by climate change, which favors almost uninterrupted growth of macro and microalgae when appropriately sustained by nutrient availability. A recent example: in 2014, summer temperatures were mild and never particularly hot at Orbetello (Tuscany, Italy), so that summer growth of algae in the lagoon did not cease. In autumn, temperatures were higher than the seasonal average and macroalgal vegetation continued to proliferate, rendering vain all attempts to contain it (unpubl. data).