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Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water of Lucknow City, India

Fluorine is a naturally occurring element that does not occur in the elemental state in nature because of its high reactivity. It accounts for about 0.3 g/kg of the Earth’s crust and exists in the form of fluorides in a number of minerals, of which fluorspar, cryolite and fluorapatite are the most common. The oxidation state of the fluoride ion is -1. Fluoride is ubiquitous in the environment, and, therefore, sources of drinking-water are likely to contain at least some small amount of fluoride. The amount of fluoride present naturally in drinking-water is highly variable, being dependent upon the individual geological environment from which the water is obtained. In areas rich in fluoride-containing minerals, boring water may contain up to about 10 mg of fluoride per litre.

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