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Micro RNAs is a family of highly conserved, single stranded 19- 23 nucleotide long noncoding endogenous RNAs which negatively regulate gene expression, either by inhibiting translation or by degrading largest mRNAs. Over 2000 unique miRNAs have been identified in humans. The miRNAs are initially transcribed as long RNA precursors termed primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) that require the RNAse III enzyme Drosha in the nucleus to trim them into premiRNAs The premiRNAs are characterized by a stemloop or hairpin structure of 70-100 nucleotides and are exported to the cytoplasm by the nuclear export factor exportin 5. The pre-miRNAs are subsequently cropped to become mature miRNA by another RNAse enzyme Dicer in the cytoplasm. Although our understanding of the specific roles of miRNAs in cellular function is only beginning, recent studies revealed that miRNAs play a pivotal role in the most critical biological events such as development, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, transductionand carcinogenesis.
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