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The study population included 350 smoking and 371 non-smoking ADPKD patients who participated in studies at the University of Colorado between 1985 and 2001. In addition, outcome data collected between 2011 and 2012 by survey from 159 smoking and 259 non-smoking ADPKD patients was analyzed. The frequency of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, age at onset of end stage renal disease, and serum and urine chemistries where available were compared in smoking and non-smoking patients. Serum levels of soluble CD40 ligand measured by ELISA were analyzed in a sub-set of 40 patients matched by age, sex, and renal function
