Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) remains major pulmonary morbidity in preterm infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), especially among the Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) infants and is associated with short- and long-term adverse pulmonary and non-pulmonary outcomes. Advances in prenatal care, including antenatal corticosteroid use, advances in invasive mechanical ventilation modes, and postnatal surfactant therapy have significantly decreased the severity of RDS and neonatal mortality. Despite these changes, invasive ventilation via an endotracheal tube remains as one of the major reasons for the development of BPD. Prophylactic or rescue surfactant therapy alone has not been shown to decrease BPD rate. Noninvasive respiratory support modes, especially bi-level CPAP or SiPAP mode, have not been shown to impact BPD rate. However, use of early, rescue surfactant therapy and NIPPV mode has been shown to decrease BPD rate.

Non-Invasive Ventilation and Surfactant Therapy

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