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"Osteoporosis is presently defined as a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength with a consequent increase in skeletal fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Currently, there is no accurate measure of overall bone strength, which primarily reflects the integration of bone density determined by peak bone mass and the amount of bone loss, and bone quality including architecture, turnover, damage accumulation, and mineralization.
In women, there are four general diagnostic categories, which rely on the quantitative assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and modified by the International Osteoporosis Foundation, as follows: Normal: Hip BMD greater than 1 SD below the young adult female reference mean (T score ≥ –1). Low bone mass (osteopenia): Hip BMD greater than 1 SD below the young adult female reference mean, but less than 2.5 SD below this value (-2.5).
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