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The success of embryo implantation depends on the receptivity of the uterus. Abdominal B class homeobox gene Hoxa10 is dynamically expressed around implantation, and is indispensable for establishing uterine receptivity. However, the exact mechanism through which HOXA10 exerts its function remains elusive. The embryonic development of all eutherian mammals occurs in the uterus, where they acquire continuous nutrition support from their mothers. The physical connection between the embryos and the mother is first established during implantation, where the blastocysts attach and invade into the uterine wall as a result of comprehensive molecular communication between the two parts. In order for this to occur, the uterus must be properly prepared to become transiently receptive to the approaching blastocysts. This so called window of receptivity or uterine receptivity is preceded by a pre-receptive phase when the uterus is yet ready to allow implantation, and is followed by a refractory phase. The receptivity of the uterus is subject to the regulation by genetic and environmental factors, and is a major etiology for human infertility
