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The need to protect the myocardium from intraoperative damage predates the availability of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The introduction of inflow occlusion techniques permitted the repair of simple intracardiac defects, and in many cases the occlusion time could be increased by adding moderate systemic hypothermia (30°) . After the development of clinical CPB, the recognition that simple hypothermia could protect the myocardium against ischemic injury induced by aortic cross-clamping led to the use of profound systemic hypothermia for the protection of the heart and other body organs. The development of hypothermia for organ preservation permitted longer periods of ischemic cardiac arrest for the repair of more complicated lesions.