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Pretreatment of biomass could be a vital step within the organic chemistry route to low-carbon liquid transportation fuels. Steam explosion, ammonia fiber growth (AFEX), and dilute acid treatments square measure often accustomed breakdown and/or reorganize polymer structures in biomass, creating sugars a lot of accessible for downstream saccharification and fermentation processes. The ensuing pretreated biomass stream contains major elements (sugar, lignin, so on) and minor elements like organic extractives, soluble low mass compounds like aldehyde, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and compound, in addition as alternative larger degradation merchandise.