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Smallpox immunisation in the UK almost certainly started in the late 16th or early 17th century, although it had been used in other countries for many hundreds of years. Inoculation (also known as variolation, incision or ingrafting) to protect against smallpox was first reported to the Royal Society in 1714 by Emmanuel Timonius. Subsequently in 1722, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu together with several members the College of Physicians conducted the first reported vaccine trial with six inmates of Newgate Prison being offered their freedom if they underwent this same procedure of having wild smallpox material introduced into their skin by scarification