Life stems from reproduction. The term “reproduction” has fascinated scientist for ages. French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck once mentioned “It is not always the magnitude of the differences observed between species that must determine specific distinctions, but the constant preservation of those differences in reproduction”. And we now know the differences lie largely on the life “codes” and highly orchestrated developmental programs during development. The quest to decode the reproductive processes and sexual disorders has come a long way. It all started with anatomical and functional understanding of the female and male reproductive tracts, followed by pathophysiology in menstrual cycle, gonadal function, gamete formation and development, to the processes in post-fertilization, such as embryo development, implantation, placentation, fetal development, and completion of pregnancy. Despite advances in surgical techniques and genetics, our understanding on reproductive health remains largely elusive. The application of molecular approaches in reproductive or sexual disorder treatment is still far from popular. What makes the situation even more challenging is the emerging complexity involved in reproductive health. The past decade has seen a remarkable shift in the demographics of childbearing in various countries. The number of advanced paternal and maternal aged parents has increased sharply, which translates to outbreak of various reproductive risks on the offspring. It is clear that certain genetic and neurological disorders like Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are age-related.

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