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Phage carry a net negative charge and can therefore be modified with cationic entities to facilitate tethering. The theory demonstrates that cationic polymers show charge-dependent ‘wrapping’ around the phage (the higher the charge, the more effective the wrapping), and the same concept was used for the adhesion of T4 phage on paper using the cationic polymer PDADMAC. In the case of T4 phage, the capsid and tail (infective region) are anionic and cationic, respectively, even though the overall charge is negative. This charge differential was recently exploited to adsorb phage onto silica particle substrates for a bacterial capture assay
Citation: Khan MF, Dong H, Chen Y, Brook MA (2015) Low Discrimination of Charged Silica Particles at T4 Phage Surfaces. Biosens J 4:125.